Last time, I ended up talking.
.
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The Machiavelli as well as a revolutionary in many ways
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Installation of the moral vocabulary of virtue and vice,
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Good and evil. Machiavelli seeks to replace,
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To replace the old vocabulary associated with both
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Plato certainly, and perhaps more important,
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With the biblical sources, to become entirely
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The language of the above, to give him a new kind of
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That is, change it or Platonic or Christian
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otherworldliness a great feeling of national strength.
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Degrees is, for him, or to use his term again,
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virtù associated with masculinity, with power,
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With power. He tells us,
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Chapter 25 of the Prince, the ethics of
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Prince must be one of the nerve and daring even than that
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Famous image he uses very volatile,
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Capital is a woman you must know how the Prince must know
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How to conquer the woman, should be used by policy
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Power, violence and audacity.
The problem of dirty hands. " And if you want to join
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Political game, you must be willing to accept
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Your hands dirty, and what the meaning of Machiavelli
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That, how he comes to this issue.
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So, he argues, to bring about a change of
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European morality is,
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In other words, to teach the prince,
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As he says in chapter 15, how not to be good,
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You should go to the source of morality.
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You should go to the source of morality.
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To influence the verses, to influence the standards
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Control our lives, it is necessary to
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Source of these standards and those verses which can only
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Can be found in religion.
The point is clear. Emergence of religion
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From what he says very clearly Christianity
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He's good in actual practice is harmful.
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Think about the way that makes what Plato says
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The right answer to Glaucon's second book
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Republic there ... Or Thrasymachus ... Where both
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They say it is more important, it does not matter anymore
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I have the appearance of being simpler than the reality of it?
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There, you see Machiavelli to add his voice
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That the choir. It's much better to get the
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Appearance than the reality of religion.
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"Our religion," he writes,
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"There's illustrious men and modest and thoughtful,
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Monks, priests, modest and thoughtful people,
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And men of action. It is assigned as the highest man
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Humility and devotion to good, and contempt
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Everyday things, "while the second,
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That is, the ancient moral code, "while the other
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Identified with the greatness of mind, body strength,
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And all that conduces to a very bold men.
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And even if our religion, "he says," requires you to be there
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What does this force is a force to suffer more than
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To do bold things. "In other words,
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He says a Christian power, the power of Christ
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Is power to suffer, thinking of Jesus on the Cross
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And, as he puts it,
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To do bold things. And it's not Machiavelli
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Just the existence of these two different moral
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The balance. By softening the moral,
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He believes that, in making us a gentle,
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Christianity has some deeply perverse effects
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Politics, he argues. This pattern of life,
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Machiavelli continues, probably did the world
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Weak prey has passed it's wicked.
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This pattern of life, this pattern of education,
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Moral education, presented the Bible
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The Bible and Christianity, has become the world weak.
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In other words, by teaching humility,
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Devotion, purity of heart,
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Christianity has become difficult to develop qualities
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The need to protect political freedom.
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Christianity made the world weak, or, if you want to use his
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Again loaded word, because it has become the world
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Feminine.
This is why he concludes there
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Republics are less today than at the time of the Ancients
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Because we have the love of freedom they did it.
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Now Machiavelli's explicit reference to the ancient civil
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Religions, ancient civil theology,
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Is a direct tribute to the role of drowsiness, NuM-,
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Libby's famous history of the Roman Republic.
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. But Machiavelli uses Libby
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The second story of the founding of Rome to bring home
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An important lesson for the service of religion.
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"Religion," he says to the reader, "is not to be evaluated
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By its content, but the truth about the company's results. "
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But the story of his drowsiness or use that tell us more
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Only class than the social service of religion.
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When the founding of Rome, Machiavelli writes,
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Religion was a need for military control
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Character of the Romans. Religion was to bring
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Softening effect on animal violence
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Nature of the early Romans. But we have today,
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Machiavelli writes, religion must serve
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In front of goal. It has to inject something
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Fighting spirit into the people who have lost their instinct
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Resist encroachments on their freedom.
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In many ways, it's a deeper meaning
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Machiavelli of the slogan, "One of the weapons of his own."
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Machiavelli felt his country was deeply flawed
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These virtues of fighting, the need to restore greatness
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His color looks like this. If you want freedom,
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You have to know how not to be good, at least as Christianity
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Well defined. Christian's advantage
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Humility, turning the other cheek, forgiveness of sins,
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Must be rejected if you want to do better than just
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Good. You should learn,
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In other words, how to get your hands dirty.
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Between the innocence of Christ and the wisdom of
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Machiavelli's new morality, there can be reconciliation.
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These are just two moral positions consistent with Machiavelli
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Countries but he went even further than that.
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The safety and security enjoyed the innocent,
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Our freedom to live a blameless, and to be relaxed
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Sleep, the prince's hanging
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Sober and ruthless use of force even.
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A true statesman, a real prince
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Machiavelli, must be prepared to mix the love of the common good,
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Love of his own people, with a line of cruelty
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Is often regarded as essential to a great ruler in general,
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Another part I do not know how to be good, to know when and how
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To use cruel or what Machiavelli tellingly calls
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"Cruelty well used." When it is also used,
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This raises.
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This is just another example of how good moral character grows out
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And requires the context of moral evil.
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. Does not seem to impose,
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Not seek to impose your innocence shoes,
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Sometimes called justice, innocence shoes
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The requirements of statesmanship, because it will only
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Lead to ruin. .
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. Machiavelli does not deny that
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There's something admirable about the deep desire
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Remain morally pure, decent and morally
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Morally innocent, but he just wanted to say that
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He states very different from the morality of politics.
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Machiavelli of course like to play this game and it shows
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That the world is divided between weak and strong,
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Between realists who see things as they are and
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Idealists who require the convenience of the moral illusions.
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The question is really that Machiavelli was
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Type of Machiavelli? Machiavelli Machiavelli Do?
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Let's see.
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What kind of government do not Machiavelli think the best?
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As he notes at the beginning of the prince,
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There are two types of regimes: There are principalities and
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Republics. But each of these regimes,
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He says, is based on some opposing tendencies or what
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He called humors, umori,
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humors. "In any society," he writes,
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This chapter 9 of the Prince, "the two diverse humors
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Found it from waking up, people will not
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To be the commander and the great depressed by the great desire
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Command and oppress the people. "
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These are two great political and psychological
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Sets, will not be popular
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The oppressed and the tendency of what he calls a
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Command to suppress. Machiavelli uses two
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Psychological terms and in some ways a kind of medical
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humors, designate two types of people who all
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The company is based. His theory of humors in
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Chapter 9 seems to be in some ways reminiscent of Plato
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Account of the three classes of the soul or the three parts of
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The soul lives with one exception.
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"All the city's status," he says, "is bound or determined by
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Humor humor but not reason or anchored
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Rationality. "Each country is divided into two
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Classes to express these qualities, those two
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Psychological features, Grandi,
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The rich and powerful who seek to control, and
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Popolo, ordinary people who want to
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Only to be left alone, seeking not to control or be
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Edges of the people, the ends, for purposes of
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People, she's more decent since the Great Great
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Want to suppress people do not want to be depressed,
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He says. His advice is that Prince
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Should try to build his power base and not on humans
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The nobles. Because of their desire
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Power, the nobles will always be a threat to the prince,
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So the government's primary business consists of knowing
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How to control the elites that are always
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Potential source of conflict and ambition.
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Prince should know how to chasten his ambition,
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Humble pride, so to speak,
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Of powerful
So the Prince of Machiavelli, while not exactly a Democrat,
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Identifies the essential decency of the people and
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Should keep their faith. And by the look he was going to be fair
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The absence of ambition, lack of desire
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Control the control. But it kind of fairness is not
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The same for good also have a tendency on the part
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People get what Machiavelli calls to cancel
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Or license. Will not suppress
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Others may be decent, but at the same time people should be
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Teach or educate on how to protect their freedom.
Princes, should know how to strengthen
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Desires of ordinary people.
In any case, each of these makes
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Examples, Machiavelli seems challenging important aspects
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Of classical concepts that we're on to
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Up to this point. Classic Republic,
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For the ancient Republic of Plato and Aristotle,
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These republics ruled nobilities,
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Gentlemen had wealth and leisure, were therefore
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Able to form a sound political statement,
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Who was in control, while in a state of Machiavelli's
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Is people are going to be the dominant social
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Political power. Machiavelli wants to direct
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To some extent the power of the nobility and the
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People. . With the people on his side,
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Prince is more likely to achieve the objectives of the Hasson
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In civilian life his people eternal glory for himself.
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And, as Machiavelli likes to say, prince should know how
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To adapt to the times. What is true for the princes do not
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Is less for consultants princes like Machiavelli
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Itself. One must know the times
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Character of the people. Old Republic,
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Maybe it was necessary to impose restrictions on
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Passions of the demos but in the modern world,
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He says, have become a thing of the past republics,
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People should be taught how to value their freedom above
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Anything else. The most excellent princes
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Moses was once like, he tells us,
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Who brought the law and people are ready tables
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Self-government. Proper and correct that
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So what Machiavelli to accomplish? What were his actual
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Achievements?
One can not underestimate the need and his unprecedented
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Break in two ancient biblical classic.
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More than anyone before him, and perhaps more
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No one else has, he sought to liberate politics
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From ecclesiastical control. The new Prince,
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As we have seen, need to know how to use religion
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But you have to learn how not to be used by religious,
Politics should be a purely physical affair.
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It should not be restricted or limited by any supreme
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Moral standards or laws that do not stem from politics itself,
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If the law of God or a transcendent moral order
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Or code.
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Machiavelli's warning, you might say today,
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Religious right, or criticism of
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Religious right, politics can not match
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Supreme moral law. But not only Machiavelli
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Worldliness to new politics, he also introduced
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A new kind of populism, one might say.
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Plato and Aristotle imagined that the aristocratic republics
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Invest in the education of the aristocracy to power
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Effect. Machiavelli deliberately seeks
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Mobilize the power of the people against the aristocracies of
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Education effect. He kind of Democrat proto-
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Almost wanted to recreate, not through accidents
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Chance, but by design
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A new kind of republic in the modern world.
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Republic that Machiavelli myself, and it is interesting
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As he tells us that he's only going to really effective
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Things and it's imagination,
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Machiavelli makes it to himself to imagine a new kind of
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Regime, a new kind of republic in the modern world was
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City will not be peace, but will be a city at war.
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It will be armed hands. Machiavelli's Republic of feeds
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Conflict, the war and occupation. Is aggressive
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Imperialist. This kind of behavior is similar
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May be built on the character of the republic.
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It was Machiavelli's admiration for the politics,
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Why Someone once called the politics lupine,
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Politics, like the wolf, the Republican led him to Rome
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Understand that all social and moral goods already
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Established by morally dubious means.
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Are we or are we always make Machiavelli's
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Republic, Machiavelli's desire?
Finally, Machiavelli is the author of
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A new moral realism. "All necessary means" I
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Think, is his motto, or should be his motto, "all means
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Necessary, "and he claims to be weird
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It's necessary, he says, for the prince to know
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Also how to use the beast man, he writes.
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"This role," he says, "I was taught by the ancient secret
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Writers. It was taught in secret by
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Ancient writers, "he says in Chapter 18.
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Machiavelli is the idea then do not more Lamar
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Openly and publicly what the ancient writers had been wrapped in fable
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And mystery and myth of Machiavelli says something
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New Political Science. What was taught in the past only
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Gently and privacy will be taught now openly in public.
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What was once available only to a few, will be available now
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Cal. Perhaps more than anything else
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Then, Machiavelli's new openness, his willingness
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The challenge was given authority, and his willingness to consider
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Self-created authority, such as self-made place
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Bestowed by nature or grace, |
